Thursday, September 24, 2015

Week 11



Good afternoon.  Put your brain on!  Today is the last class meeting, and will be devoted to your writing a short essay of 450 -500 words.  The topic list, directions, and requirements will be presented in class.

All paperwork is due today.Yeah!

First business:  There is a class evaluation to be filled out at the following URL.  Please take the next few minutes to fill it out: URL: 



Have a great break!

Thursday, September 17, 2015

Week 10





Good afternoon!

Today we will continue working on the final short report.   If you have not yet chosen a topic, today is the day to do it. 
     Review the stories in the various topical sections of a comprehensive daily news source or recent publications on a topic you have heard or know something about, get the facts, follow links and other associated articles and then tell the story, i.e. what makes the story or report important or interesting specifically, and the point above all that drives your interest and conclusions.  You must support a central point (thesis point) using the material you have gathered. Integrate the several sources in the essay body through summary, paraphrase and direct quotation, background and evidence for the point you seek to make.  Compose the short Works Cited list of those sources you have used and named in text (cited in the body of the essay). Edit.  Revise.  Put a title on it.  You are done!
     
I will return the graded field reports and review grades individually.

     Next week is the last week of class and a short essay assignment will be asked of you from a set of topics that require no research or prior readings. 

Extra Credit:  Go to the Modern Love column at the New York Times online.  Choose from the recent or archived essays one that appeals to you.  All are first-person narrative essays on the subject of romantic love.  Briefly describe (include title and author and post date) the content and then respond to the work by drawing out the associations and thoughts it gives rise to in you.  You may include a story of your own that serves as commentary or illustration of what you find interesting in the piece. 400-500 words, titled. 



Thursday, September 10, 2015

Week 9





Jose Bedia (Miami-based artist)

 It is week nine, which means of course that we have just two weeks to completion of the quarter.  Thus far you have been assigned a total of 5 essays;   your short research project (5), and the in-class final (6) remain.  The in-class final is to be done in class week 11, not at home.  The field reports are due today (#4).    We will look at the results of your scoutings from the field (*-*)  and then allow time for the short report work, review the MLA guidelines for source integration, direct quotation, and so on.   The essay should be finished by the end of class next week.





Essay 5:  Short research report with MLA Works Cited list:  in 500 words or more report on a topic or issue with contemporary relevance about which you can find timely, authoritative primary and secondary source material, as in recently published news, scientific reports or articles, reviews, books,  films or photos, etcetera.  Title the piece and double-space the lines.  Include in-text references to source material and a Works Cited list arranged in alphabetical order.

Your thesis should be clear early in the paper and provide you a means of knowing what material to include and what not.  Ask yourself : Does this source or material contribute to "proving" or elaborating my point? If so, include it; if not, don't.  Know your purpose and the direction you want to take readers by final draft.  Initial stages may feel like so much groping in the dark and that's fine, but by the end you should have learned where you want to go and what you want to say in certain terms.



Research Topics (only suggested)

1.  Environment, nature, conservation issues (think climate change, habitat loss, pollution, species "news", green trends).

2.   Technology  New Products. An individual, corporation, or industry to watch, making a difference, positive or negative, like say Tesla, started by Elon Musk.

3.  The economy/ best ways to stretch a dollar, money management.

4.  Diet, nutrition, health.

5..  Great food ideas/new trends in culinary arts and/ or agricultural practice/ the legal marijuana business.

6.  New media/new opportunities:  Facebook, Twitter, Instagram.

7.  Culture review: fashion, film, art, celebrity life, sports.

8.  LGBT and the Bruce Jenner/Caitlyn Jenner story and cover/ women's reproductive rights/ marriage and family today/ you-name-it.

News and Editorial Sites:

npr.org

slate.com

truthdig.com

salon.com

theguardian.com

bloomberg.com

democracynow.org

nasa.gov

nytimes.com



I can look at drafts today of whatever work you have in progress, time permitting.  Rewrites and any outstanding assignments must be submitted by the last class.

                                                                        Jose Bedia
Again,  week 11 a  final essay of 400-500 words will assess key composition skills, including grammatical sentences, unified and well-developed paragraphs, support for your thesis, and sound use of references and direct quotation, if called for.  You will have a set of topics to choose from and perhaps a required reading.  The Internet may thus be a source of content.  This final must be done in class.

Thursday, September 3, 2015

Week 8



Good afternoon, class.  Hope you are doing well.  The summer and the quarter are quickly advancing (or so it seems to me) and all our work soon to be finished.  I will return the graded final narrative drafts and other paperwork you have submitted.  The plan is to review the field work assigned, the final draft work of your image-based research essay, allow for some readings and grammar review, and perhaps watch a TED talk on how journalists today are using the Internet to access real-time data and images and how they verify the accuracy or truth of the huge amounts of content continuously being uploaded to the Web, whether at Twitter, Youtube, or other site.

You may have time to begin researching the final project, which is to be 500 words in full MLA format (all sources documented).  I encourage you to focus on a fresh, timely subject about which much information can readily be found, and that you have a personal stake in, by which I mean the subject really does matter to you.  Your writing will thus convey greater credibility.




Thursday, August 27, 2015

Week 7








 

The man who has forgotten to be thankful has fallen asleep in life.”   
                                                                                           –Robert Louis Stevenson


 It is week seven.   Today you have due the finals of the narrative, and time to work on the final drafts of the short research piece begun last week.  We have just five weeks to completion of the quarter.  Thus far you have been assigned a total of 3 essays, including rough drafts and the final drafts; these include the summary/response (1), the autobiographical narrative (2), and the short research essay with an image focus (#3).

The field report (4) is coming due soon, as will be a short research project (5), and lastly, the in-class final (6).  The in-class final is to be done in class week 10, not at home.  The field reports are due week 9. 



Essay 5 :  Short research report with MLA Works Cited list:  in 500 words or more report on a topic or issue with contemporary relevance about which you can find timely, authoritative primary and secondary source material, as in recently published news, scientific reports or articles, reviews, books,  films or photos, etcetera.  Title the piece and double-space the lines.  Include in-text references to source material and a Works Cited list arranged in alphabetical order.

Your thesis should be clear early in the paper and provide you a means of knowing what material to include and what not.  Ask yourself : Does this source or material contribute to "proving" or elaborating my point? If so, include it; if not, don't.  Know your purpose and the direction you want to take readers by final draft.  Initial stages may feel like so much groping in the dark and that's fine, but by the end you should have learned where you want to go and what you want to say in certain terms.



Research Topics (only suggested)

1.  Environment, nature, conservation issues (think climate change, habitat loss, pollution, species "news", green trends).

2.   Technology  New Products. An individual, corporation, or industry to watch, making a difference, positive or negative, like say Tesla, started by Elon Musk.

3.  The economy/ best ways to stretch a dollar, money management.

4.  Diet, nutrition, health.

5..  Great food ideas/new trends in culinary arts and/ or agricultural practice/ the legal marijuana business.

6.  New media/new opportunities:  Facebook, Twitter, Instagram.

7.  Culture review: fashion, film, art, celebrity life, sports (Kentucky Derby! FIFA bribery scandal!)

8.  LGBT and the Bruce Jenner/Caitlyn Jenner story and cover/ women's reproductive rights/ marriage and family today/ you-name-it.

Popular News and Editorial Sites: You are certainly not limited to the following sources, but they should provide ample means to do the work assigned.

npr.org

slate.com

huffingtonpost.com

truthdig.com

salon.com

theguardian.com

bloomberg.com

democracynow.org

nasa.gov

nytimes.com



I will look at whatever work you have in progress, time permitting.  

Again,  week 10 a  final essay of 400-500 words will assess key composition skills, including grammatical sentences, unified and well-developed paragraphs, support for your thesis, and sound use of references and direct quotation, if called for.  You will have a set of topics to choose from and perhaps a required reading.  The Internet may thus be a source of content.  This final must be done in class.

Thursday, August 20, 2015

Week 6





                                          Six Baltimore Officers Charged in the Arrest and 
                                                   Death of Freddie Gray. Credit, Baltimore Police Department

Today we will review work thus far, I'll return the narrative first drafts, and monitor development 

of the short report #3, introduced last week, which is to integrate a visual as one source or perhaps be

the primary focus.  You are to provide a history or account of the image and its significance.  The 

visual should be carefully described, discussed and/or interpreted in the essay body.     Last quarter the class looked at the essay "In Baltimore, We’re All Freddie Gray," by D. Watkins, published at the nytimes.com.  You will need a visual and one other information source.   We will address any difficulties or questions and try to finish the draft.    



Below is an example of the short report from a previous quarter, on the topic of creativity.  At the time no visual was required but they appear as elements, nonetheless, and add vibrancy to the text:



On Being Creative
A recent article in the New York Times titled "Learning to Think Outside the Box," by Laura Pappano, reports that college degrees are now being awarded in the study of creativity and that those who earn such degrees, by some accounts, have proved themselves to be creative problem solvers, people who can think outside of the box, which might make them strong candidates in the current job market as certain employers prize creativity.  It may seem awkward to speak of majoring or minoring in creativity per say, that is, separate from any specific field or endeavor, and in fact in several of the courses mentioned the work required appears rather academic, a traditional process requiring study of the literature on creativity and representative individuals, personal observation and self-reflection, analysis of a problem, discovery, and invention:
In Dr. Burnett’s Introduction to Creative Studies survey course, students explore definitions of creativity, characteristics of creative people and strategies to enhance their own creativity. These include rephrasing problems as questions, learning not to instinctively shoot down a new idea (first find three positives), and categorizing problems as needing a solution that requires either action, planning or invention. A key objective is to get students to look around with fresh eyes and be curious. The inventive process, she says, starts with “How might you…”
If the course were Composition 101, similar strategies might be used to enhance student awareness of how good writing gets done.  The centrality of trial and error to all creative endeavour is a key takeaway in creativity studies; one teacher dubbed his course “Failure 101” to emphasize the fact.  Indeed, “his favorite assignment” sounds much like a writing assignment:  “Construct a résumé based on things that didn’t work out and find the meaning and influence these have had on your choices.”  He asks students to connect the dots in their life, and to redefine failure in the context of the larger journey.  Indeed, I believe we accomplish little if we are unwilling to risk failure or to grope our way instinctively through the psychological turmoil and darkness of inexperience, ignorance, and, at times, ineptitude.  But we must till we find our footing, else we risk accomplishing little and losing touch with that which gives life real zest, meeting the challenges life poses. 
Humans are naturally creative, we have had to be in order to survive; our world is increasingly a world of made things and the best of them, utilitarian or artistic, serve to make living easier and richer:  a chair provides comfortable rest, a bowl, fork and spoon practical means of conveying food to our mouths, clothing warmth and protection, and story, poetry, music, film and all the arts ancient and modern, above all, sustenance for our souls.  The more we develop our creative capacities the more potential we have to enhance our lives and those of others.  The old myth is that creative endeavor requires some sort of divine gift or genius, but giftedness may be greatly overrated.  Friedrich Nietzsche wrote in Human, All-Too Human (1878) about the process artists must dedicate themselves to in order to achieve greatness:
Artists have a vested interest in our believing in the flash of revelation, the so-called inspiration . . .[shining] down from heaven as a ray of grace.  In reality, the imagination of the good artist or thinker produces continuously good, mediocre, and bad things, but his judgment, trained and sharpened to a fine point, rejects selects, connects . . . All great artists and thinkers [are] great workers, indefatigable not only in inventing, but also in rejecting, sifting, transforming, ordering.         (qtd. in Shenk)
            One has only to read the history of any great artist to discover the artist’s commitment to a process whereby natural endowments or talents were honed by experience and training and a sense of purpose that outweighed the considerable difficulties of achieving work of great merit. Stephen McCranie, a young commercial cartoonist, writes and illustrates a blog called DoodleAlley  recounting his creative “issues” in a fresh and clear style, some of which the frame here illustrates.
            At  Youtube, a marvelous addition to the world of made things, one can watch the posts of the ice skating finals at the Sochi Winter Olympics, and marvel at the athletic skill, power, daring, and grace of reigning champion Yuan-Kim and others in faraway Russia, long after the games have ended, or listen to the recordings of artists and thinkers now dead.  Today we have so many sources and models of inspired work we can feel overwhelmed, but the problems and challenges of the 21st century remain and will require news ways of thinking to meet them. It seems to me creativity is part and parcel of surviving and thriving. 
Shenk, David.  The Genius In All Of Us.  New York. Random House, 2011. Print.
------------------------Focus on the Visual-------------------------

Here is an interesting piece on photography, which models a visual presentation followed by discussion of its significance:  http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/shadows-in-sao-paulo.html?ribbon-ad-idx=17&rref=homepage&module=Ribbon&version=origin&region=Header&action=click&contentCollection=Home%20Page&pgtype=article



Citing Sources in MLA Style

To document your research sources, whether from an article in print or online, an encyclopedia or dictionary item, an interview source, a film, photograph, illustration or other visual material– there is a standard means.  
       The primary reference is the author of the source, whose last name provides the key or first word to the source item as it is entered on the Works Cited page.  This page contains an alphabetical list of all the sources cited in the report. Any directly quoted, paraphrased or summarized information should be referenced or cited in text and then included on the Works Cited page.   Thus, on this page one finds the full bibliographic or publication information of each source cited in the report/essay. 
        The author’s name and the title of the piece should be included in the essay text along with whatever information item you have borrowed or used.  This in-text reference may appear as a parenthetical citation (i.e. a set of parentheses like the one I am using now) containing the author's last name and perhaps a page number (for print sources typically) or text title.  Sometimes an article or source being used may have no author named; in such instances, use the text title as the key term, the website name, or the most direct means of identifying the source.  Do not put URLs in essay text.

At the following URLs you will find discussion of the MLA guidelines and illustrations for integrating sources:


--------------------------------


    Essay 3/Short Report, draft due today, week 6 (500 words):  Use of references, formatting of quotations, and the avoidance of plagiarism is part of the essay practice.  Learning how to find and use reference sources correctly and purposefully is an essential aspect of writing about subjects beyond your immediate experience and one that requires good reading skills and some measure of critical thinking and judgment.  
   Addressing current events and topics in the media allows you to tap the interest of readers who want to stay current and well-informed, and allows you to enter and shape the discussion as one who is well-informed and has something to add to the discussion, be it only your opinion. Use direct quotation in support of your claims, but don't overload the essay with quotations.  Your voice should be the dominant voice.  Identify the various sources you have used for content by author and/or title of work and tie the source information clearly to the specific content borrowed.  There should be no confusion about which item of information came from where, or whose speech we hear in a passage. The in-text reference information provides the key word or words that will head each entry in the Works Cited list that follows the report. In essay 5, however, I am not requiring a Works Cited list.  

Checklist:
*Make your thesis claim clear and provide adequate evidence to develop and support it
*Acknowledge all material borrowed from source texts.  
* Use quotation marks around all language borrowed word for word
*Provide a clear presentation of the visual artifact(s)
*Identify the author of each source in text or in parentheses following the information item.
*Use the article or website title as a source reference for works without identified authors.
*Review the basic pattern for creating entries on the Works Cited page.



The following URLs explain and demonstrate the ways that quotations of prose and poetry are presented and punctuated, along with whatever citations may be required:  

                               http://www.writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_quoting.html

                               http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/03/


The Works Cited format is here illustrated for some commonly used sources:

Individual Author of a Book
Hazzard, Shirley.  The Great Fire.  New York.  Farrar, 2003. Print.

Article from a Printed Magazine
Jenkins, Lee.  “He’s Gotta Play Hurt.”  Sports Illustrated. 26 Oct. 2009:  42-3. Print.

Article from an Online Magazine
Bowden, Mark.  “Jihadists in Paradise.”  The Atlantic.com.  Atlantic Monthly Group, Mar. 2007.  Web. 8 Mar. 2007.

Article from an Online Newspaper
Richmond, Riva.  “Five Ways to Keep Online Criminals at Bay.”  New York Times.  New York Times, 19 May 2010.  Web.  29 May 2010.

Selection from an Online Book
Webster, Augusta.  “Not Love.”  A Book of Rhyme.  London, 1881.  Victorian Women Wrtiers Project. Web. 8 Mar. 2007.
  
Organization Web Page
“Library Statistics.”  American Library Association.  Amer. Lib. Assn.  2010 Web. 26 Feb. 2010.

Film
Lord of the Rings:  The Return of the King.  Dir. Peter Jackson.  New Line Cinema, 2003. Film.

Program on Television or Radio
“The Wounded Platoon.”  Frontline.  PBS.  WGBH, Boston, 18 May 2010.  Television.

Online Video Clip
Murphy, Beth.  "Tips for a Good Profile Piece."  Project:  Report. YouTube, 7 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Sept. 2008.
Advertisement
Feeding America.  Advertisement.  Time.  21 Dec. 2009:  59.  Print.

Comic or Cartoon
Adams, Scott.  “Dilbert.”  Comic Strip.  Denver Post 1 Mar. 2010:  8C. Print.

Personal, Telephone, or E-mail Interview
Boyd, Dierdra.  Personal Interview. 5 Feb. 2012.



----------------------------------------
The final draft of your narrative essay (2) is due week 7, at the beginning of class.

----------------
Essay 4 (due week 9, 500 words):  An EyeWitness/Field Report:  You must attend in person a local event, community function, business enterprise, entertainment venue, museum, restaurant or hotel establishment, nature preserve or park, area of historical interest, etcetera– in order to gather information from direct experience.  You cannot rely on the reports of others or the site's own published information alone.  The writing of the piece requires you bring to readers the vicarious experience of being there in person. themselves; that is, by engaging readers in your own experience on the ground.  Background research may help fill out and provide context for the report of course, and you are encouraged to find out as much as you can in the way of origins or history of the establishment, event or area for possible inclusion in the report.  



     Reviews and descriptions of cultural fare–of nature parks, historical attractions, art exhibits and fairs, live music shows, restaurants, bars, and clubs old and new, sporting events, lectures, book signings and discussions, community classes and workshops –serve to inform people of what's going on about town and provide them incentive to get out and experience some of what the area has to offer.     In this assignment you must report on a local place or local event from an eye-witness perspective–you must go there, experience whatever is on offer, and write about it in such a way that readers feel they have gotten to see and know the place through your first-hand experience of it.
     The particular focus and perspective you bring to your subject,   your knowledge and ideas and observations of it, and the degree of interest and engagement with the subject you show–these are central to the essay’s success.  Whether you are visiting a park, a beach, a museum, theater, restaraunt, etcetera–descriptions of the scene or environs, the activity, the individual artworks, performances, ambiance, food, service, etcetera will bring the piece to life and convey a you-are-there sensation to readers.  Your readers will be relying on your knowledge, powers of observation and storytelling abilities.    Your informed judgment, taste, and opinions will be an important element.   approach you create, the thesis idea controlling and unifying the work, will make for certain selections and emphases that reflect you the observer, your history, interests, tastes, etc.  
    The eye-witness report is a species of primary research.  You may find you want background reading on whatever aspects of your subject require context, to fully develop your thesis or main ideas.  To repeat, this essay will require you actually go somewhere in person and record material facts and observations before putting the piece together.  Your thesis tells you what to include, to emphasize, and what to ignore.  The essay should run a minimum of 5oo-6oo words, including introductory, body, and closing paragraphs, and title.

          Remember the who, what, where, when, why roster of specifics.

If you were to visit an exhibit, you would include the museum name, location, and featured artist(s), including the exhibit’s run dates.  

Focus would necessarily be on some theme observed in one or more works or overall.  You would identify representative works (by title) and present a verbal description–medium, size, subject, form, and color–so that readers can "see" the work and understand the conclusions you draw from it.  If you were to visit a natural area, you might tie the visit in to some current news (a news "hook") or ongoing area of interest (natural history/studies, ecology, environmental justice, marine life, art) to create audience appeal, to lend purpose and weight to the piece.  Food culture is of great interest to many these days and offers many choices for primary research or "eye-witness" reports–green markets, restaraunts, bars, etcetera.

You might plan to go to the Museum of Art Ft. Lauderdale.  The primary focus would be to see the various exhibits, one featuring  photographs of Haiti.  http://nsuartmuseum.org 
In fact, there are several museums in the downtown area, including one of Ft. Lauderdale's history and another devoted to science and discovery.


     The field report (#6), 500- 700 words, will be due week 9.  Those of you still to present an essay reading may do so then. 

-------------------------


Reminder for Essay 7:  You must identify and  explore a subject or idea for a short research report.   The topic is yours to choose.  Locate reading material relevant to whatever line of inquiry you intend and begin developing the work.  In this essay of 500-600 words you put across a claim made persuasive and credible by virtue of supporting facts, expert opinion, testimonials, logical inquiry, visuals, and, perhaps, emotional appeals to the reader's values.

Thursday, August 6, 2015

Week 4










    Good afternoon.  Hope your week is going well.

 Today we will review the autobiographical essay first draft (#2), which is due today, 
 the summary and response work submitted, sentence work and punctuation. 

Note, during readings please give each writer your undivided attention and constructive feedback.   We'll look at the soundness of the composition's structure in terms of the exposition (context and background information) narrative presentation (clear conflict, development, climax, conclusion) and rendering of setting, scene, and character specifics.  Narrative depends upon the use of descriptive imagery to reveal place, incident, character, feeling drama;  overall, a reader expects a piece to be driven or developed by a clearly implied or stated thesis idea; we'll discuss lead-ins and conclusions, the form they may take, and the overall fluency of the sentence elements.
-------------------------------
In the following poem, notice how from the first line of the first stanza to the end of that sentence and stanza, the author makes use of the additive sentence pattern to build out the images.  The main clause is followed by additional modifying clauses, phrases, or single word modifiers:

Island Cities                  by John Updike

You see them from airplanes, nameless green islands
in the oceanic, rectilinear plains,
twenty or thirty blocks, compact, but with
everything needed visibly in place—
the high-school playing fields, the swatch of park
along the crooked river, the feeder highways,
the main drag like a zipper, outlying malls
sliced from dirt-colored cakes of plowed farmland.

Small lives, we think—pat, flat—in such tight grids.
But, much like brains with every crease CAT-scanned,
these cities keep their secrets: vagaries
of the spirit, groundwater that floods
the nearby quarries and turns them skyey blue,
dewdrops of longing, jewels, boxed in these blocks.



Paragraph and Essay structure:   a composition of even a single paragraph must organize itself around an idea, stated or implied, which is the thesis or topic idea.

What is a thesis? A thesis is a single sentence statement of the point you intend to describe, explain, illustrate, argue or prove. Where is the thesis to be found? Typically, by convention, teachers ask that it appear by the last line of the opening paragraph. It thus provides a focus and a clear direction and means of selection, for whatever does not in some way help to advance the thesis idea, may not belong in the essay at all. When you and your readers know what your point is, you and they can follow the logic of your development, the order and arrangement of supporting topics and personal commentary. It is a good idea to have a draft statement of your thesis in view so that you stay on point as you draft the essay. Build key words into the thesis statement to provide you and readers references to what lies ahead. A thesis controls to some extent what will appear in the essay and creates an obligation on your part to follow through on its promise, for it creates an expectation.



The reporter's basic questions are a shorthand means of remembering to get the narrative essentials:

What happened?
Who was involved?
When?
Where?
Why did this happen?
How did it happen?


Refining the Draft Idea:  Writing teachers and textbooks often refer to the angle or hook or slant as a way of luring readers to the subject article or book.  Readers have different needs and tastes, of course, but there's nothing wrong with familiarizing yourself with the common types of bait that show up in titles or headlines and lead paragraphs of various kinds of essays.   Here are some prominent ones:

*Adrenaline                          *Numbers
*Amazement                         *Promises
*Brand-New                         *Secrets
*Detailed                               *Sexy
*Funny                                  *Superlative
*Location                              *Combination
*Money
*Newsy

Exercise:   identify any slants used in the course of reading through today's New York Times or other source.   You might enjoy what is now a regular feature at the NYTimes- Modern Love-which features short personal narratives on romantic love. You can review them for slants used, lead-ins, and conclusions (http://nytimes.com/)

Ways of Beginning (lead-ins):
*Anecdotal or case history (to create a human interest appeal)
*Direct Address
*Factual
*Journalistic
*Mythic/Poetic
*Quotation
 *Thematic
...................
--------------------------------------Five Types of Conclusions:
  • Summary
  • Callback
  • Thematic
  • Encouraging
  • Quotation

---------------------------
 


Using Direct Quotation


Select material for quotation on the following bases:

   * the wording is particularly memorable, to the point, and not easily paraphrased

   * the passage expresses an author’s or expert’s direct opinion that  you want to emphasize

   * the passage provides example of the range of perspective

   * the passage provides a constrasting or opposing view

Format quotations according to the following guidelines:
       Brief quotations of no more than three lines should be worked into the text within the usual margins from left to right, and enclosed by quotation marks. Use a signal phrase or tagline to introduce them, followed by a colon or comma. 
       Longer passages, four lines and more, should be set off in block format, indented and aligned 10 spaces from the left margin, with no quotation marks but those that may be internal to the passage itself.

Examples of Summary with Supporting Quotations:  

        "In the Arcadian Woods," by George Makari, a psychoanalyst, he reveals that it is no easy matter to diagnose the specific cause or source of an individual's anxiety, for it is a "quintessential mind-body phenomenon" with complex roots scientists have yet to unravel.  Since the 17th century, when the first modern medical descriptions of anxiety were recorded, the mystery has only deepened:
   Anxiety disorders are now associated with complex epigenetic models, the transgenerational          transmission of trauma, a neuroscience for fear conditioning, and even a pediatric infectious  illness that triggers auto-immune mechanisms and results in obsessive compulsive disorder.  

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 from “An Ocean of Plastic” (full text available on the web):

       In the article “An Ocean of Plastic,” Kitt Doucette describes the threat of plastic to all marine life and, perhaps, human life, too: “Even small organisms like jellyfish, lanternfish and zooplankton have started to ingest tiny bits of plastic. These species, the very foundation of the oceanic food web, are becoming saturated with plastic, which may be passed further up the food chain.”  The fish we eat, he emphasizes, may contain the residues of these ingested plastic particles, and thus may pose health risks. He explains in more detail below, citing also the authority of a leading marine biologist:

[. . .] the chemical toxins concentrated in the [plastic] waste lodge themselves in the animals’ fatty tissues, accumulating at ever increasing levels the higher you go up the food chain. It isn’t clear yet if these chemicals are reaching humans, but PCB’s and DDT are know to disrupt reproduction in marine mammals. In humans they have been linked to liver damage, skin lesions, and cancer. “The possibility of more and more creatures ingesting plastics that contain concentrated pollutants is real and quite disturbing,” says Richard Thompson, a British marine biologist who has been studying microplastics for 20 years.

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The source title and author, be it an article or essay in a magazine or newspaper or that of a website from which you summarize or borrow material, should be identified at the outset in your introduction or first use of the material. The year or date of such information should be recent, or otherwise noted.  Use brackets [ ] around any material you add for the sake of clarity or any necessary change to the original, such as a verb tense, a pronoun, or an ellipsis (to abbreviate the length of the passage). 

Reference to the particular source material by title and author and the purposeful use of direct quotation where warranted are requirements.  We will practice referencing and quoting from various textual sources as needed.  The following list gives examples of suitable taglines to introduce quotations:

Deani writes, . . .

As Dean says,

According to another authority, author of . . .

Makari, the author of "In the Arcadian Woods," suggests a different view, claiming . . .

*Note:  Plagiarism is theft of another's work, whether inadvertent or not.  The following is one textbook example of plagiarism (The Brief Bedford Reader, 9th ed.) :

Original passage:  If we are collectively judged by how we treat immigrants–those who appear to be 'other' but will in a generation be 'us'–we are not in very good shape.

Paraphrase (plagiarised):  The author argues that if we are judged as a group by how we treat immigrants–those who seem to different but eventually will be the same–we are in bad shape.

A paraphrase or summary must express the original freshly; it is not enough to make superficial changes to the wording here and there.  Moreover, the syntax–sentence structure– should not mirror the original.

The following URL illustrates the ways that quotations are presented and punctuated, along with whatever citations may be required:  http://www.writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_quoting.html

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